How to do qualitative research Essay Example for Free

The most effective method to do subjective exploration Essay Presentation: Qualitative examination is tied in with posing inquiries and social affair data through words, to afterwards investigate. One method of doing this is through ethnography. Be that as it may, before any exploration should be possible, there must be an examination question. For this situation, Do the Olympics cause their crowd to act uniquely in contrast to when they are observing some other mainstream TV appear? This inquiry was picked to plainly diagram the procedure of ethnography, and how it is helpful in discovering the data expected to address this examination question. System: An ethnography is A Research way to deal with understanding the way of life of a gathering (examples of conduct/mentalities, how they make significance), by inundating oneself in the exercises of the particular gathering over some undefined time frame and afterward reviewing a graphic synopsis. (Savage 3). An ethnographic methodology incorporates being occupied with and tuning in to discussions, taking customary notes and gathering relics of the gathering being examined (Savage 7). These things later assistance recorded as a hard copy up a synopsis of discoveries that where assembled from the ethnography. There are two primary sorts of ethnography, first there is a clear ethnography where the members are told they are being watched. This kind of ethnography is most usually utilized and is less dangerous in light of the fact that the members know about the examination that is occurring. The other sort is secret. This is the place the analyst is obscure by the members (Savage 10). The ethnography done about whether the Olympics change the manner in which a crowd of people acts is a clandestine ethnography. The subjects were unconscious of the analyst and the way that they were being examined and just stared at the TV as they ordinarily would. In spite of the fact that this examination was in a shut setting, there is consistently an opportunity of a hazard while doing a secret report, since one of the members might not have any desire to be considered (Savage 9-10). Another significant part of doing an ethnography is obtaining entrance. Obtaining entrance all relies upon whether it is a shut setting or an open setting. Open settings are open settings are genuinely simple to access. They incorporate spots like a city intersection, or a cinema entryway, or city chamber gatherings (Savage 9). Shut settings are non-open settings that are more diligently to access since they for the most part require a contact, or authorization to get into. Shut settings incorporate families, firms, specialists workplaces and ideological groups (Savage 9). These are places that entrance is just conceded to individuals who have authorization. In spite of the fact that, by and large, a great deal of gatherings that are in a shut setting, have both open and shut settings, so in the event that consent was not in all actuality, at that point there would in any case be an open door for an ethnography when the gathering is in an open setting. The ethnography that was done occurred in a shut setting and access was conceded because of it being at the specialists house. This made it simple to obtain entrance without agonizing over any limits that can here and there accompany shut settings. Rundown of Findings For this theme, one would find that utilizing ethnography would be the most ideal approach to making an examination venture about the Olympics making a group of people act contrastingly then when they watch other mainstream TV appears. This is on the grounds that the investigation was going to see two distinct settings, one of subjects viewing a mainstream TV appear (American Idol), and one of subjects viewing the Olympic Games. This took into account an excellent examination between the two, and made addressing the exploration question genuinely simple. While doing the ethnography in the two settings, being a fly on the divider permitted the specialist to see how the subjects acted in the two circumstances secretly. The setting likewise helped in camouflaging the specialist, in light of the fact that the subjects were simply told it was schoolwork, or they were utilized to the analyst being on the PC at any rate. On the off chance that this examination were to be led as a top to bottom meeting, the outcomes would be very extraordinary. The interviewee may not know how they respond when theyre sitting in front of the TV, or may not see that they demonstration distinctively and tight clamp versa, which would then make it hard to get the ideal data. This would put the examination at a stop on the grounds that no applicable data would have been accumulated. Leading an ethnography is the main genuine approach to responding to this exploration question. There is a sure degree of control that accompanies doing an ethnography for this inquiry in light of the fact that the scientist is obscure, this additionally guarantees the subjects are acting the way the ordinarily would and not acting the manner in which the figure they should act. Which is here and there the situation when individuals are told they are being considered. Likewise, (for this situation) the subjects are fairly being compelled to watch the ideal TV program. This guarantees the subjects are being presented to a similar show and can take into account progressively explicit examination. Ethnography is likewise helpful in light of the fact that it takes into consideration change. In the event that the ethnography were to go on, there would in all likelihood be more network shows to contrast the Olympics with, yet for this situation, the exploration question could be limited to Do the Olympics cause their crowd to act uniquely in contrast to when they are watching American Idol? . On the off chance that the examination were to proceed, in light of the fact that it is an ethnography with various subjects for each show, there is space for change, and the information that was at that point gathered would even now be valuable. Though if an inside and out meeting was to done, and information was gathered there is no assurance that each subject watches a similar network shows to have the option to analyze among the distinctive subject that were met. Key Learnings In the wake of deciding to utilize an ethnography to respond to this exploration question, a few things turned out to be very clear. In the first place, when directing a secretive ethnography, in some cases it isn't so natural to stay obscure to each subject, and it is hard to decide what they are thinking or what they will do if they somehow managed to discover. This brought up the issue of what should the scientist do on the off chance that they are in a shut setting that they can't leave and a subject would not like to be contemplated and was furious? In most shut setting circumstances, the odds are that it won't be an incognito ethnography, yet after this undercover shut setting ethnography, it was clarified that the situation of examination ought not be made known for the wellbeing of the specialist. This prompts another inquiry regarding morals and who ought to be hurt all things considered. On the off chance that the analyst is at risk for being hurt if they somehow happened to tell the subject that they were being examined, and in the event that the specialist didn't tell the subject, at that point it is viewed as exploitative on the grounds that the subject is being misled. Does this issue at that point become an issue of picking everyone's benefit? In which case, who chooses what everyone's benefit is? Second, while doing an ethnography there isn't continually something helpful to observe. This makes ethnography be very tedious on the grounds that the exploration must hold up until they have all the data required which may take an extremely lengthy timespan if nothing is occurring. This causes an issue in light of the fact that there is no assurance that anything will occur at all that would enable the scientist to address their exploration question. End: In examining utilizing ethnography to address the topic of Do the Olympics cause their crowd to act uniquely in contrast to when they are observing some other famous TV appear? what's more, what was found out, it is protected to infer that ethnography is the most ideal approach to move toward an inquiry like this. This is to a great extent because of the technique being more effective at social event data than its other option, and in light of the fact that there are various way that is can be performed to guarantee that the analyst can get the data required.

Exam Tips - Tips For Choosing APA Essay Samples

Exam Tips - Tips For Choosing APA Essay SamplesWhen looking for APA essay samples you will be faced with a plethora of choices. You will need to make sure that you choose the ones that are most appropriate for your course or topic.There are many types of essays that a student will choose from when writing a paper. It is important to know that there are some standard essay samples that a student can use. Many people decide to use them as they are more familiar with the basics. In some cases it may also be a good idea to take a copy of one of these samples and read it over several times before the actual assignment is due.Writing and reviewing is a process that will be beneficial for you as you learn how to write an essay. As you read over the sample, you will notice that there are a few things that you can change in order to make it easier to write. By making minor changes you will give yourself a better chance of learning how to write an APA essay correctly.The first thing that you w ill notice when reviewing the sample is the words that are used. All too often students will start writing a paper by inserting the word that they feel best describes their topic. This happens when they don't look at the sample and simply insert the word into the essay. In the final draft of the paper you will have been plagiarized!You want to pay attention to the word choices that are used. For example, in many of the samples you will find that the word 'is' is used more than other words. As you work on each essay, you will find that this is common as well.To avoid being the one who is caught plagiarizing, do not make the mistake of inserting 'is' into your own essay. Many times people will simply go ahead and use the word without realizing that the others have already done it. If the person who wrote the essay is giving the word the same treatment as you have you will be more likely to get caught and be labeled as a plagiarist.As you read over the sample, you should notice that th ere are a few things that are used that are not usually used in a college-level essay. This may be because they are grammatically incorrect or because they are difficult to understand. Pay attention to the parts of the sample that seem unusual and try to determine whether you might be able to modify them for your own purposes.One thing that you will want to pay attention to when studying essays is punctuation. In many cases a lot of students will leave out or write incorrectly punctuation marks. Pay attention to all of the punctuation marks that are used and determine if any of them look similar to those that you have in the school you are in. While writing it is not uncommon for people to simply write mistakes and not notice that they are doing so until the final draft.

Extenuating circumstances - from Germany to the United States Essay

Uncontrollable issues at hand - from Germany to the United States - Essay Example I knew a significant part of the language, ready to talk it yet with an interesting accent. I generally envisioned settling in United States, going to its schools and partaking in American games exercises, particularly football, which is my obsession. After showing up in Texas, I was desolate from the outset, lacking family, companions and any one to impart my distresses to. At school I was imperceptible while at home, radio was my partner. Coming to Texas gave me trouble, at the loss of my companions in Germany and it gave me trust, at the possibilities of making new companions. Building connections was an issue; this was because of my English articulation. Contemplations filled my brain each day, tormenting me on the best way to marshal American articulation and subsequently improve an incredible states. I come to acknowledge I was in dream; I longed for how life could show signs of improvement than attempting to take a shot at those enhancements. Seeing this, I turned into a forceful individual and concentrated on the recent developments and endeavoring to transform thoughts into accomplishments. I started imparting without disapproving of any shame emerging from my articulation. Once after arriving behind schedule to class, th e understudy boss said hallo to me. Not having any desire to mortify myself, I offered a short response, Nothing. Immediately there was chuckling over the study hall; I additionally giggled. Toward the finish of the investigations, I accumulated boldness and asked the administrator for what valid reason the chuckling. I was anxious to adapt however confounding or humiliating. I quit focusing on the effects of my pronunciation on the encompassing and began imparting; as I understood this will expel sentiments of regret from my life. These thoughts propelled my development and helped me to pick up certainty. Likewise, I began composing verse in my extra time, commending the knowledge of God and around evening time, I watched the stars, the moon and the mists. This was intended to support me on the activities of God and view myself as a production of God, made to flawlessness. I made a layout of my qualities and this gave me mental fortitude to make companions and

My Family s Summer Cabin - 1271 Words

My family’s summer cabin was along the south coast line of Norway. Since it’s a time share between my entire father’s side of the family, we were not able to spend as much time as we sometimes wanted to there. Therefore, one summer when I was 11 years old my parents sent me to spend time alone with my grandmother at the summer house. In Norway its common to share a cabin with your entire mother’s or father’s side of the family and have specific weeks where each family can stay at the cabin. This summer my family was not able to take advantage of our week at the cabin, therefore I was sent to spend time with my grandmother. Later in life I suspect this was because my parents often thought of me as a very sensitive and wimpy child. They†¦show more content†¦They were brothers that spent their entire summers on the island. The older one named Nils was the more experienced and tougher of the two, while the younger brother Per usually just follo wed his older sibling around. In my young and impressionable age, I looked up to Per and Nils. They had qualities that I admired such as being leaders from a young age and being experienced in taking initiative. I remember one previous adventure I had had with them were they took me out on their little rubber boat in the ocean to shoot seagulls with their BB gun. This incident showed me that Nils and Per were quite the young risk-takers since shooting seagulls is illegal in Norway outside of certain areas and seasons. One day we decided to traverse all the way to the other side of the island where none of us had gone before. Being relatively inexperienced with hiking on the island I did not have very good shoes to hike in the terrain. I was wearing flat soled slip on shoes. Despite doubting if that I had the correct footwear to be hiking I decided to go with them anyway as to not seem wimpy in the presence of two young experienced hikers. While traversing slanted rocks and mossy grounds, my flat shoes, that I had absolutely no business in hiking in slipped. I was sent tumbling like a wild log down the slant of the mountain. From my memory I must have rolled around for about 30 seconds, hitting and rocks and bushes in my

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is a federally funded—state-administered—financial assistance program for low-income families with dependent children and financial assistance for pregnant women during their last three months of pregnancy. TANF provides temporary financial assistance while also helping recipients find jobs that will allow them to support themselves. TANF provides funds while recipients are going to school if they are receiving an education related to the work they will be doing. In 1996, TANF replaced old welfare programs, including the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. TANF provides yearly grants to all U.S. states, territories, and tribal governments. The funds are used to pay for benefits and services distributed by the states to assist needy families. Since replacing AFDC, the TANF program has served as one of the main sources of economic security and stability programs for low-income families with children. Through this government grant program, states, territories, the District of Columbia, and federally-recognized Indian tribes receive about $16.6 billion annually. The TANF recipient jurisdictions use these funds to provide direct income support to qualified low-income families with children. The funds also allow the jurisdictions to assist recipient families with job placement and training, child care, and tax credits. Goals To get their annual TANF grants, states must show they are accomplishing the following goals: Assisting needy families so children can be cared for in their own homesReducing the dependency of needy parents by promoting job preparation, work, and marriagePreventing out-of-wedlock pregnanciesEncouraging the formation and maintenance of two-parent families While TANF jurisdictions must meet certain work participation and cost-sharing requirements, they have considerable flexibility with TANF funds to implement programs that best serve their distinct communities. Eligibility by State While the overall TANF program is administered by the federal Administration for Children and Families, each state is responsible for setting its own financial eligibility requirements, and accepting and considering applications for assistance. General Eligibility To be eligible, you must be a U.S. citizen or eligible noncitizen and a resident of the state in which you are applying for assistance. Eligibility for TANF depends on the applicants income, resources and the presence of a dependent child under age 18, or under age 20 if the child is a full-time student in high school or in a high school equivalency program. Specific eligibility requirements vary from state-to-state. Financial Eligibility TANF is for families whose incomes and resources are not enough to meet the basic needs of their children. Each state sets maximum income and resource (cash, bank accounts, etc.) limits above which families will not qualify for TANF. Work and  School Requirements With few exceptions, TANF recipients must work as soon as they are job-ready or no later than two years after beginning to get TANF assistance. Some people, such as the disabled and seniors, are given a participation waiver and do not have to work to qualify. Children and unmarried minor teen parents must meet school attendance requirements established by the state TANF program. To count toward a states work participation rate, single parents must participate in work activities for an average of 30 hours per week, or an average of 20 hours per week if they have a child under age 6. Two-parent families must participate in work activities for an average of 35 hours a week or, if they receive federal child care assistance, 55 hours a week.Failure to participate in work requirements can result in a reduction or termination of a familys benefits.States cannot penalize single parents with a child under 6 for failing to meet work requirements if they cannot find adequate child care. Qualifying Work  Activities Activities that count toward a states work participation rates include: Unsubsidized or subsidized employmentWork experienceOn-the-job trainingJob search and job readiness assistance—not to exceed six weeks in a 12-month period and no more than four consecutive weeks (but up to 12 weeks if a state meets certain conditions)Community serviceVocational educational training—not to exceed 12 monthsJob skills training related to workEducation directly related to employmentSatisfactory secondary school attendanceProviding child care services to individuals who are participating in community service Time Limits The TANF program is intended to provide temporary financial assistance while the recipients seek employment that will allow them to fully support themselves and their families. As a result, families with an adult who has received federally-funded assistance for a total of five years (or less at states option) become ineligible for cash aid under the TANF program. States do have the option of extending federal benefits beyond five years and may also choose to provide extended assistance to families using state-only funds or other federal Social Services Block Grant funds available to the state. Contact Information Mailing Address:Office of Family AssistanceAdministration for Children and Families370 LEnfant Promenade, SWWashington, DC 20447Phone: 202-401-9275Fax: 202-205-5887 Or go to the Office of Family Assistance websites FAQ page for TANF: www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/faq

Animal Farm, By George Orwell - 2946 Words

Could the world in Nineteen Eighty-four (1948) and Animal Farm (1945) ever really exist? Orwell believes it could. In Animal Farm, the pigs gradually twist and distort rhetoric of socialist revolution to justify their behavior and to keep the other animals in the dark. The animals embrace Major’s ideal of socialism, but after Major dies, the pigs began to altering his words. At end of the work, Squealer’s has repeatedly reconfigured the meaning and words of the Seven Commandments in order to decriminalize the pigs’ treacheries. The seven commandments have been brought down to one â€Å"all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† Orwell’s use of this abuse of language remains one of the most compelling and enduring features of Animal Farm, and parallels a major theme of Nineteen Eighty-four, propaganda. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You.† This is used by the Party and in the media also. These words are depicted beneath the picture, on posters that are hung about Oceania. This slogan is meant to give citizens a feeling of protection, and to prevent them from breaking any of the laws of the society. A feeling of safety, the Party uses this to make them think that within this government, nothing can go wrong. In George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four and Animal Farm language is the greatest tool of oppression. Orwell hopes that readers will leave Nineteen Eighty-four accepting the possibility that this government could existed and has indeed existed enough toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, G eorge Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigsâ⠂¬â„¢ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who

Optical Network Design and Planning †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Optical Network Design and Planning. Answer: Introduction In this report, a range of methods and options have been discussed that can be used to design networks. The network designing will be conducted in the next assessment. This report discusses the options that can be used to complete the network designing management. The aim of the report is written as follows:- To discuss how data flows through the internet To evaluate certain protocols and applications that are used to transfer data management over the internet To discuss and assess the change and evolution of the internet Among IT professionals and businesses, one of the most popular network layout and mapping software is Microsoft Visio. The pro version of the software is priced well and its Ribbon and menu user interface is used in several software packages. The latest version allows the users to comment on diagrams using Sharepoint in a browser or through the software itself. It can also accept messages from Lync or Microsoft Skype ("Visio - Microsoft Store", 2018). It contains over thousands of shapes and 80 templates which are pre-built. From an IT perspective, it contains network routes, appliances, detailed components and Active Directory. For data centres, home networks, enterprises, HVAC layout and help desk, it has pre-built shapes and components and offers several other options (Vaishnavi Kuechler, 2015). It is a serious tool for people who want diagramming capabilities. Microsoft Visio operates in Windows operating system only. It does not exist for Linux, Mac or Android. It has no real time collaboration. It does not run on mobile devices either. The latest pro version of the software is very expensive. It is not justifiable to use it in enterprises while comparing to other similar software such as Lucidchart. Solarwinds Network Topology Mapper Solarwinds Network Topology Mapper is used for measuring and monitoring the performance of large and medium sized infrastructures. The software has an intuitive user interface and is very simple to handle. For example, the dashboards that are present in the software are very highly appreciated (Eberhart, 2014). Due to this, it is very easy for someone to tell the personnel about making it autonomous, not requiring the intervention of an administrator. It has extreme modularity and has a good integration with other companies ("Network Topology Mapper - Topology Mapping Software | SolarWinds", 2018). This is possible due to its Relational Data base that is distributed through SolarWinds module. Solarwinds Network Topology Mapper is also capable of adding polling engines to the managed devices and offers full scalability at all levels of infrastructure. It also has an extra advantage due to its online community called THWACK where users can ask any questions to get direct clarification from the product managers. Solarwinds Network Topology Mapper does not have automatic creation of topological maps during the process of discovery which does not provide a proper visualization of the OSI connection levels between the equipment. It needs an extra component called Network Atlas to address this issue. During complex problems, the simplicity of the user interface can be quite troublesome for the operator. Another disadvantage of this software is due to the extra modularity, it takes a lot of time to go through historical data. The increasing information from the data collection system could have a negative impact on the performance of the application. Designed by Cisco, Cisco packet tracer allows the user to experiment with certain network behaviour such as collaboration capabilities, assessment, authoring, visualization and simulation. It is a network simulator software which helps to design and configure networks. It provides a comprehensive demonstration of configurations ad technologies visually. It provides the user with visual simulations that can get immediate feedback from clients. It has a feature called workspaces where users can make a network by combining, clustering and placing virtual network devices (Cisco Packet Tracer 7.1, 2018). The physical workspace provides a graphical interpretation of the placement of the network devices around the infrastructure. Moreover, it has two modes namely, simulation mode and real time mode. In the real time mode, users can get a real life experience from the devices. In the simulation mode, the time intervals and other data transfer controls of the network can be changed and simula ted. The software is very versatile. It can be carried anywhere, even in a USB module. The software consumes very less amount of energy and has one of the lowest noise levels among other similar products. There is a lack of commands to describe routers that are present in a non-broadcast network. Manual summarisation is not supported. The reference bandwidth cannot be changed from default. The load balancing options cannot be changed from default as well (Simmons, 2014). The debugging hellos and OSPF packets are not supported. Further, Etherchannels which are present in the access layer switches are not supported. Conclusion To conclude the report, it can be stated that for the following assignment of Network designing, Cisco Packet tracer would be a proper choice due to its two modes of operation. The simulation mode negates the need for the user to buy expensive infrastructure for network implementation. Moreover, the software is versatile and can be carried at the place of network designing for intricate information. Therefore, unlike the other two options, choosing Cisco Packet tracer would be a viable option for conducting network designing. References Cisco Packet Tracer 7.1 : Download free labs and tutorials for CCNA certification exam preparation. (2018).Packet Tracer Network. Retrieved 7 April 2018, from https://www.packettracernetwork.com/ Eberhart, R. C. (Ed.). (2014).Neural network PC tools: a practical guide. Academic Press. Network Topology Mapper - Topology Mapping Software | SolarWinds. (2018).Solarwinds.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018, from https://www.solarwinds.com/network-topology-mapper Simmons, J. M. (2014).Optical network design and planning. Springer. Vaishnavi, V. K., Kuechler, W. (2015).Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press. Visio - Microsoft Store. (2018).Microsoft Store. Retrieved 6 April 2018, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/collections/visio/pc